Arrowslit

An (often also referred to as an,  or , and sometimes a ) is a narrow vertical aperture in a  through which an  can launch  or a crossbowman can launch s.

The interior walls behind an arrow loop are often cut away at an so that the archer has a wide  and. Arrow slits come in a variety of forms. A common one is the, accommodating the use of both the and the. The narrow vertical aperture permits the archer large degrees of freedom to vary the and direction of his or hers bowshot, but makes it difficult for attackers to harm the archer since there is only a small target at which to aim.

Balistraria, plural balistrariae, from balister, crossbowman can often be found in the of medieval s beneath the s.

History
The invention of the arrowslit is attributed to during the  in 214–212 BC (although archaeological evidence supports their existence in   around 1860 BC). Slits “of the height of a man and about a palm’s width on the outside” allowed defenders to shoot bows and (an ancient siege engine) from within the s. Although used in late Greek and Roman defences, arrowslits were not present in early Norman s. They are reintroduced to military architecture only towards the end of the 12th century, with the castles of  and  in England, and   in France. In these early examples, arrowslits were positioned to protect sections of the castle wall, rather than all sides of the castle. In the 13th century, it became common for arrowslits to be placed all around a castle's defences.

Elements of fortification such as arrowslits became associated with high social standing and authority. As such, damaging them could be significant as an aspect of.

Design
In its simplest form, an arrowslit was a narrow vertical opening; however, the different weapons used by defenders sometimes dictated the form of arrowslits. For example, openings for are usually tall and high to allow the user to shoot standing up and make use of the 6 ft bow, while those for crossbowmen are usually lower down as it was easier for the user to shoot whilst kneeling to support the weight of the weapon. It was common for arrowslits to widen to a triangle at the bottom, called a fishtail, to allow defenders a clearer view of the base of the wall. Immediately behind the slit there was a recess called an ; this allowed a defender to get close to the slit without being too cramped. The width of the slit dictated the field of fire, but the field of vision could be enhanced by the addition of horizontal openings; they allowed defenders to view the target before it entered range.

Usually, the horizontal slits were level, which created a cross shape, but less common was to have the slits off-set (called displaced traverse slots) as demonstrated in the remains of in Wales. This has been characterised as an advance in design as it provided attackers with a smaller target; however, it has also been suggested that it was to allow the defenders of White Castle to keep attackers in their sights for longer because of the steep surrounding the castle.

When an embrasure linked to more than one arrowslit (in the case of, defenders from three embrasures can shoot through the same arrowslit) it is called a “multiple arrowslit”. Some arrowslits, such as those at, had lockers nearby to store spare arrows and bolts; these were usually located on the right hand side of the slit for ease of access and to allow a rapid rate of fire.

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